How does !!~ (not not tilde/bang bang tilde) alter the result of a 'contains/included' Array method call?

Question

If you read the comments at the jQuery inArray page here, there's an interesting declaration:

!!~jQuery.inArray(elm, arr) 

Now, I believe a double-exclamation point will convert the result to type boolean, with the value of true. What I don't understand is what is the use of the tilde (~) operator in all of this?

var arr = ["one", "two", "three"];
if (jQuery.inArray("one", arr) > -1) { alert("Found"); }

Refactoring the if statement:

if (!!~jQuery.inArray("one", arr)) { alert("Found"); }

Breakdown:

jQuery.inArray("one", arr)     // 0
~jQuery.inArray("one", arr)    // -1 (why?)
!~jQuery.inArray("one", arr)   // false
!!~jQuery.inArray("one", arr)  // true

I also noticed that if I put the tilde in front, the result is -2.

~!!~jQuery.inArray("one", arr) // -2

I don't understand the purpose of the tilde here. Can someone please explain it or point me towards a resource?

Solution 1

The tilde operator isn't actually part of jQuery at all - it's a bitwise NOT operator in JavaScript itself.

See The Great Mystery of the Tilde(~).

You are getting strange numbers in your experiments because you are performing a bitwise logical operation on an integer (which, for all I know, may be stored as two's complement or something like that...)

Two's complement explains how to represent a number in binary. I think I was right.

Solution 2

There's a specfic reason you'll sometimes see ~ applied in front of $.inArray.

Basically,

~$.inArray("foo", bar)

is a shorter way to do

$.inArray("foo", bar) !== -1

$.inArray returns the index of the item in the array if the first argument is found, and it returns -1 if its not found. This means that if you're looking for a boolean of "is this value in the array?", you can't do a boolean comparison, since -1 is a truthy value, and when $.inArray returns 0 (a falsy value), it means its actually found in the first element of the array.

Applying the ~ bitwise operator causes -1 to become 0, and causes 0 to become `-1. Thus, not finding the value in the array and applying the bitwise NOT results in a falsy value (0), and all other values will return non-0 numbers, and will represent a truthy result.

if (~$.inArray("foo", ["foo",2,3])) {
    // Will run
}

And it'll work as intended.

Solution 3

!!~expr evaluates to false when expr is -1 otherwise true.
It is same as expr != -1, only broken*

---

It works because JavaScript bitwise operations convert the operands to 32-bit signed integers in two's complement format. Thus !!~-1 is evaluated as follows:

   -1 = 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111b // two's complement representation of -1
  ~-1 = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000b // ~ is bitwise not (invert all bits)
   !0 = true                                     // ! is logical not (true for falsy)
!true = false                                    // duh

A value other than -1 will have at least one bit set to zero; inverting it will create a truthy value; applying ! operator twice to a truthy value returns boolean true.

When used with .indexOf() and we only want to check if result is -1 or not:

!!~"abc".indexOf("d") // indexOf() returns -1, the expression evaluates to false
!!~"abc".indexOf("a") // indexOf() returns  0, the expression evaluates to true
!!~"abc".indexOf("b") // indexOf() returns  1, the expression evaluates to true

---

* !!~8589934591 evaluates to false so this abomination cannot be reliably used to test for -1.

Solution 4

~foo.indexOf(bar) is a common shorthand to represent foo.contains(bar) because the contains function doesn't exist.

Typically the cast to boolean is unnecessary due to JavaScript's concept of "falsy" values. In this case it's used to force the output of the function to be true or false.

Solution 5

jQuery.inArray() returns -1 for "not found", whose complement (~) is 0. Thus, ~jQuery.inArray() returns a falsy value (0) for "not found", and a truthy value (a negative integer) for "found". !! will then formalise the falsy/truthy into real boolean false/true. So, !!~jQuery.inArray() will give true for "found" and false for "not found".

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