Breadth First Search in Prolog
First, the usual notion of s(A,B)
is just like your connect2(A,B,_)
.
You should make your interface predicates explicit:
depth_first( Start, Goal, Path):-
depth_first( Start, Goal, [Start], Path).
Maintaining a queue in BFS is not complicated at all. Instead of Visited
, have VisitedLists
queue (pop from front; add at end; thus FIFO):
consed( A, B, [B|A]).
bfs( Goal, [Visited|Rest], Path) :- % take one from front
Visited = [Start|_],
Start \== Goal,
findall( X,
( connected2(X, Start, _), \+ member(X, Visited) ),
[T|Extend]),
maplist( consed(Visited), [T|Extend], VisitedExtended), % make many
append( Rest, VisitedExtended, UpdatedQueue), % put them at the end
bfs( Goal, UpdatedQueue, Path ).
When the goal is reached, Path
is instantiated:
bfs(Goal, [[Goal|Visited]|_], Path):-
reverse([Goal|Visited], Path).
The interface call needs to be adjusted correspondingly. It should be
breadth_first( Start, Goal, Path):- bfs( Goal, [[Start]], Path).
later note: repeated append
ing of course causes quadratic slowdown, so for efficiency this should be re-written with difference lists (also a straightforward task).
Trần Trọng Tín
Updated on May 18, 2020Comments
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Trần Trọng Tín about 4 years
I'm new to Prolog and currently implementing DFS (depth-first search) and BFS (breadth-first search) algorithms. My DFS works fine as the code below, but the BFS is terminated and aborted when it reaches the leaf node (it doesn't backtrack and continue searching). I also read some sample code about this but there are some functions they don't define like s(Node, NewNode)... so it's hard to understand, or the version use Queue is too complicated.
Here is my code: Some ground functions:
%connected(+Start, +Goal, -Weight) connected(1,7,1). connected(1,8,1). connected(1,3,1). connected(7,4,1). connected(7,20,1). connected(7,17,1). connected(8,6,1). connected(3,9,1). connected(3,12,1). connected(9,19,1). connected(4,42,1). connected(20,28,1). connected(17,10,1). connected2(X,Y,D) :- connected(X,Y,D). connected2(X,Y,D) :- connected(Y,X,D). next_node(Current, Next, Path) :- connected2(Current, Next, _), not(member(Next, Path)).
DFS implement:
depth_first(Goal, Goal, _, [Goal]). depth_first(Start, Goal, Visited, [Start|Path]) :- next_node(Start, Next_node, Visited), write(Visited), nl, depth_first(Next_node, Goal, [Next_node|Visited], Path).
BFS implement:
breadth_first(Goal, Goal, _,[Goal]). breadth_first(Start, Goal, Visited, Path) :- findall(X, (connected2(X,Start,_),not(member(X,Visited))), [T|Extend]), write(Visited), nl, append(Visited, [T|Extend], Visited2), append(Path, [T|Extend], [Next|Path2]), breadth_first(Next, Goal, Visited2, Path2).
The Path is something like the Queue list. For example when call DFS:
?- depth_first(1, 28, [1], P).
BFS:
?- breadth_first(1, 28, [1], []).
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Will Ness over 3 years@hardik-upadhyay thank you for your edit suggestion. I used the same piece of code as was in the question, apparently, so if that was ever to be changed, the changes would have to be introduced in sync to the question as well. since many years have passed, I think it's all better left as it is. :)