Does python have an equivalent to Java Class.forName()?
Solution 1
Reflection in python is a lot easier and far more flexible than it is in Java.
I recommend reading this tutorial
There's no direct function (that I know of) which takes a fully qualified class name and returns the class, however you have all the pieces needed to build that, and you can connect them together.
One bit of advice though: don't try to program in Java style when you're in python.
If you can explain what is it that you're trying to do, maybe we can help you find a more pythonic way of doing it.
Here's a function that does what you want:
def get_class( kls ):
parts = kls.split('.')
module = ".".join(parts[:-1])
m = __import__( module )
for comp in parts[1:]:
m = getattr(m, comp)
return m
You can use the return value of this function as if it were the class itself.
Here's a usage example:
>>> D = get_class("datetime.datetime")
>>> D
<type 'datetime.datetime'>
>>> D.now()
datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 17, 2, 15, 58, 883000)
>>> a = D( 2010, 4, 22 )
>>> a
datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 22, 0, 0)
>>>
How does that work?
We're using __import__
to import the module that holds the class, which required that we first extract the module name from the fully qualified name. Then we import the module:
m = __import__( module )
In this case, m
will only refer to the top level module,
For example, if your class lives in foo.baz
module, then m
will be the module foo
We can easily obtain a reference to foo.baz
using getattr( m, 'baz' )
To get from the top level module to the class, have to recursively use gettatr
on the parts of the class name
Say for example, if you class name is foo.baz.bar.Model
then we do this:
m = __import__( "foo.baz.bar" ) #m is package foo
m = getattr( m, "baz" ) #m is package baz
m = getattr( m, "bar" ) #m is module bar
m = getattr( m, "Model" ) #m is class Model
This is what's happening in this loop:
for comp in parts[1:]:
m = getattr(m, comp)
At the end of the loop, m
will be a reference to the class. This means that m
is actually the class itslef, you can do for instance:
a = m() #instantiate a new instance of the class
b = m( arg1, arg2 ) # pass arguments to the constructor
Solution 2
Assuming the class is in your scope:
globals()['classname'](args, to, constructor)
Otherwise:
getattr(someModule, 'classname')(args, to, constructor)
Edit: Note, you can't give a name like 'foo.bar' to getattr. You'll need to split it by . and call getattr() on each piece left-to-right. This will handle that:
module, rest = 'foo.bar.baz'.split('.', 1)
fooBar = reduce(lambda a, b: getattr(a, b), rest.split('.'), globals()[module])
someVar = fooBar(args, to, constructor)
Solution 3
def import_class_from_string(path):
from importlib import import_module
module_path, _, class_name = path.rpartition('.')
mod = import_module(module_path)
klass = getattr(mod, class_name)
return klass
Usage
In [59]: raise import_class_from_string('google.appengine.runtime.apiproxy_errors.DeadlineExceededError')()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DeadlineExceededError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-59-b4e59d809b2f> in <module>()
----> 1 raise import_class_from_string('google.appengine.runtime.apiproxy_errors.DeadlineExceededError')()
DeadlineExceededError:
Solution 4
Yet another implementation.
def import_class(class_string):
"""Returns class object specified by a string.
Args:
class_string: The string representing a class.
Raises:
ValueError if module part of the class is not specified.
"""
module_name, _, class_name = class_string.rpartition('.')
if module_name == '':
raise ValueError('Class name must contain module part.')
return getattr(
__import__(module_name, globals(), locals(), [class_name], -1),
class_name)
Solution 5
It seems you're approaching this from the middle instead of the beginning. What are you really trying to do? Finding the class associated with a given string is a means to an end.
If you clarify your problem, which might require your own mental refactoring, a better solution may present itself.
For instance: Are you trying to load a saved object based on its type name and a set of parameters? Python spells this unpickling and you should look at the pickle module. And even though the unpickling process does exactly what you describe, you don't have to worry about how it works internally:
>>> class A(object):
... def __init__(self, v):
... self.v = v
... def __reduce__(self):
... return (self.__class__, (self.v,))
>>> a = A("example")
>>> import pickle
>>> b = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a))
>>> a.v, b.v
('example', 'example')
>>> a is b
False
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Jason
Updated on July 08, 2022Comments
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Jason almost 2 years
I have the need to take a string argument and create an object of the class named in that string in Python. In Java, I would use
Class.forName().newInstance()
. Is there an equivalent in Python?
Thanks for the responses. To answer those who want to know what I'm doing: I want to use a command line argument as the class name, and instantiate it. I'm actually programming in Jython and instantiating Java classes, hence the Java-ness of the question.
getattr()
works great. Thanks much.-
Pat about 9 yearsSee stackoverflow.com/a/10675081/116891 for an example of using
importlib.import
, which was backported from python 3 to 2.7 (docs.python.org/2/library/importlib.html)
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Serafina Brocious over 15 yearsExec is extremely dangerous. It's easy to shoot yourself in the foot by overwriting names in your scope dynamically and just as easy to open a security flaw the size of Rhode Island.
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Serafina Brocious over 15 yearsThe reason exec is insecure here is that you can use a ';' in the class name to break out of the import. This can easily allow arbitrary code execution. The reason it can damage your code is that exec will overwrite colliding names, causing bugs and/or security flaws.
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orip over 15 yearsShouldn't it be globals()['classname']?
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Serafina Brocious over 15 yearsYou are indeed correct. I forgot globals() doesn't return the actual global scope, just a mapping of it. Editing as such -- thanks!
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hasen over 15 yearsThis is not equivalent to java's Class.forName, in Java, no assumptions are made about what's imported and what's not
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hasen over 15 yearsI mean, the only input is the fully qualified class name in string format, e.g. "org.eclipse.something.utils.date.DateTimeWidget",
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cdleary over 15 yearsYep, this is what
__import__
exists for. Projects like Django that do module-loading-magic use it all the time. Nice answer. -
hasen over 15 yearsYea, Django is what motivated me to learn about this magic (reflection) stuff.
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jfs over 15 years
attrs = 'foo.bar.baz'.split('.'); fooBar = reduce(getattr, attrs[1:], __import__(attrs[0]))
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jfs over 15 years
get_class = lambda name: reduce(getattr, name.split('.')[1:], __import__(name.partition('.')[0]))
. Though 'object.from_name' might be a better name. Examples: get_class('decimal.Decimal'), get_class(module_name). -
jfs over 15 yearsOr
module, _, attrs = 'foo.bar.baz'.partition('.'); fooBar = reduce(getattr, attrs, __import__(module))
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Mario Duarte almost 13 yearsI've tried this function but instead of a
type
I get aclassobj
. Any ideas why? and how can I actually get an instance of that class from it? -
Mario Duarte almost 13 yearsregarding the problem I stated in the comment above: I had to change the last line of
get_class
toreturn m()
. -
Pavel Vlasov about 12 yearsIt only took to define a seven line function. A real ease.
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Nick almost 11 yearsthis is very interesting, but is bit different than the question
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bukzor over 10 yearsThe
if module_name
LBYL is pretty redudant, since the error you get if you simply delete those lines is:ValueError: Empty module name
. -
sage88 about 8 years+1 For using importlib to do this as it prevents the need (that import causes) to recursively find the class. Simpler and cleaner than the accepted answer (though less well documented).
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sage88 about 8 yearsSee Pat's answer below for a way to do this with importlib which is cleaner.
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Tom N Tech almost 5 yearsLink is dead, no longer up.