Efficient heaps in purely functional languages

Question

As an exercise in Haskell, I'm trying to implement heapsort. The heap is usually implemented as an array in imperative languages, but this would be hugely inefficient in purely functional languages. So I've looked at binary heaps, but everything I found so far describes them from an imperative viewpoint and the algorithms presented are hard to translate to a functional setting. How to efficiently implement a heap in a purely functional language such as Haskell?

Edit: By efficient I mean it should still be in O(n*log n), but it doesn't have to beat a C program. Also, I'd like to use purely functional programming. What else would be the point of doing it in Haskell?

Solution 1

There are a number of Haskell heap implementations in an appendix to Okasaki's Purely Functional Data Structures. (The source code can be downloaded at the link. The book itself is well worth reading.) None of them are binary heaps, per se, but the "leftist" heap is very similar. It has O(log n) insertion, removal, and merge operations. There are also more complicated data structures like skew heaps, binomial heaps, and splay heaps which have better performance.

Solution 2

Jon Fairbairn posted a functional heapsort to the Haskell Cafe mailing list back in 1997:

http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg01788.html

I reproduce it below, reformatted to fit this space. I've also slightly simplified the code of merge_heap.

I'm surprised treefold isn't in the standard prelude since it's so useful. Translated from the version I wrote in Ponder in October 1992 -- Jon Fairbairn

module Treefold where

-- treefold (*) z [a,b,c,d,e,f] = (((a*b)*(c*d))*(e*f))
treefold f zero [] = zero
treefold f zero [x] = x
treefold f zero (a:b:l) = treefold f zero (f a b : pairfold l)
    where 
        pairfold (x:y:rest) = f x y : pairfold rest
        pairfold l = l -- here l will have fewer than 2 elements


module Heapsort where
import Treefold

data Heap a = Nil | Node a [Heap a]
heapify x = Node x []

heapsort :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]    
heapsort = flatten_heap . merge_heaps . map heapify    
    where 
        merge_heaps :: Ord a => [Heap a] -> Heap a
        merge_heaps = treefold merge_heap Nil

        flatten_heap Nil = []
        flatten_heap (Node x heaps) = x:flatten_heap (merge_heaps heaps)

        merge_heap heap Nil = heap
        merge_heap node_a@(Node a heaps_a) node_b@(Node b heaps_b)
            | a < b = Node a (node_b: heaps_a)
            | otherwise = Node b (node_a: heaps_b)

Solution 3

You could also use the ST monad, which allows you to write imperative code but expose a purely functional interface safely.

Solution 4

As an exercise in Haskell, I implemented an imperative heapsort with the ST Monad.

{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}

import Control.Monad (forM, forM_)
import Control.Monad.ST (ST, runST)
import Data.Array.MArray (newListArray, readArray, writeArray)
import Data.Array.ST (STArray)
import Data.STRef (newSTRef, readSTRef, writeSTRef)

heapSort :: forall a. Ord a => [a] -> [a]
heapSort list = runST $ do
  let n = length list
  heap <- newListArray (1, n) list :: ST s (STArray s Int a)
  heapSizeRef <- newSTRef n
  let
    heapifyDown pos = do
      val <- readArray heap pos
      heapSize <- readSTRef heapSizeRef
      let children = filter (<= heapSize) [pos*2, pos*2+1]      
      childrenVals <- forM children $ \i -> do
        childVal <- readArray heap i
        return (childVal, i)
      let (minChildVal, minChildIdx) = minimum childrenVals
      if null children || val < minChildVal
        then return ()
        else do
          writeArray heap pos minChildVal
          writeArray heap minChildIdx val
          heapifyDown minChildIdx
    lastParent = n `div` 2
  forM_ [lastParent,lastParent-1..1] heapifyDown
  forM [n,n-1..1] $ \i -> do
    top <- readArray heap 1
    val <- readArray heap i
    writeArray heap 1 val
    writeSTRef heapSizeRef (i-1)
    heapifyDown 1
    return top

btw I contest that if it's not purely functional then there is no point in doing so in Haskell. I think my toy implementation is much nicer than what one would achieve in C++ with templates, passing around stuff to the inner functions.

Solution 5

And here is a Fibonacci Heap in Haskell:

https://github.com/liuxinyu95/AlgoXY/blob/algoxy/datastruct/heap/other-heaps/src/FibonacciHeap.hs

Here are the pdf file for some other k-ary heaps based on Okasaki's work.

https://github.com/downloads/liuxinyu95/AlgoXY/kheap-en.pdf

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