How do ASCII Adjust and Decimal Adjust instructions work?

Question

I've been struggling with understanding the ASCII adjust instructions from x86 assembly language.

I see all over the internet information telling me different things, but I guess it's just the same thing explained in a different form that I still don't get.

Can anyone explain why in the pseudo-code of AAA, AAS we have to add, subtract 6 from the low-order nibble in AL?

And can someone explain AAM, AAD and the Decimal adjust instructions pseudo-code in the Intel instruction set manuals too, why are they like that, what's the logic behind them?

And at last, can someone give examples when these instructions can be useful, or at least in what applications they have been useful in the past.

I know that nowadays these instructions aren't used, but I still want to know how these instructions work, it's good to know.

Solution

why in the pseudo-code of AAA, AAS we have to add, subtract 6 from the low-order nibble in AL

Because in hexadecimal each character has 16 distinct values and BCD has only 10. When you do math in decimal, if a number is larger than 10 you need to take the modulus of 10 and carry to the next row. Similarly, in BCD math, when the result of the addition is larger than 9 you add 6 to skip the 6 remaining "invalid" values and carry to the next digit. Conversely you subtract 6 in subtractions.

For example: 27 + 36

  27: 0010 0111
+ 36: 0011 0110
───────────────
5_13: 0101 1101 (13 >= 10)
+  6:      0110
───────────────
  63: 0110 0011 (13 + 6 = 19 = 0x13, where 0x3 is the units digit and 0x10 is the carry)

Doing unpacked addition is the same except that you carry directly from the units digit to the tens digit, discarding the top nibbles of each byte

For more information you can read

• BCD Addition assembly program logic
• Why must six be added to a BCD addition if it is an invalid BCD code?

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and can someone explain AAM, AAD and the Decimal adjust instructions pseudo-code in the Intel instruction set manuals too, why are they like that, what's the logic behind them?

AAM is just a conversion from binary to BCD. You do the multiplication normally in binary, then calling AAM divides the result by 10 and store the quotient-remainder pair in two unpacked BCD characters

For example:

13*6 = 78 = 0100 1110
78/10 = 7 remains 8 => result = 0x78

AAD is the reverse: before the division, you call AAD to convert it from BCD to binary and do the division just like other binary divisions

For example: 87/5

0x8*10 + 0x7 = 0x57
0x57/5 = 0x11 remains 0x7

The reason for those instruction is because in the past, memories are expensive and you must reduce the memory usage as much as possible. Hence in that era CISC CPUs are very common. They use lots of complex instructions to minimize the instructions used to do a task. Nowadays memory is much cheaper and modern architectures are almost RISCy, with the trade off of CPU complexity and code density