How to inject variable into scope with a decorator?

Question

[Disclaimer: there may be more pythonic ways of doing what I want to do, but I want to know how python's scoping works here]

I'm trying to find a way to make a decorator that does something like injecting a name into the scope of another function (such that the name does not leak outside the decorator's scope). For example, if I have a function that says to print a variable named var that has not been defined, I would like to define it within a decorator where it is called. Here is an example that breaks:

c = 'Message'

def decorator_factory(value):
    def msg_decorator(f):
        def inner_dec(*args, **kwargs):
            var = value
            res = f(*args, **kwargs)
            return res
        return inner_dec
    return msg_decorator

@decorator_factory(c)
def msg_printer():
    print var

msg_printer()

I would like it to print "Message", but it gives:

NameError: global name 'var' is not defined

The traceback even points to wher var is defined:

<ipython-input-25-34b84bee70dc> in inner_dec(*args, **kwargs)
      8         def inner_dec(*args, **kwargs):
      9             var = value
---> 10             res = f(*args, **kwargs)
     11             return res
     12         return inner_dec

So I don't understand why it can't find var.

Is there any way to do something like this?

Solution 1

You can't. Scoped names (closures) are determined at compile time, you cannot add more at runtime.

The best you can hope to achieve is to add global names, using the function's own global namespace:

def decorator_factory(value):
    def msg_decorator(f):
        def inner_dec(*args, **kwargs):
            g = f.__globals__  # use f.func_globals for py < 2.6
            sentinel = object()

            oldvalue = g.get('var', sentinel)
            g['var'] = value

            try:
                res = f(*args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                if oldvalue is sentinel:
                    del g['var']
                else:
                    g['var'] = oldvalue

            return res
        return inner_dec
    return msg_decorator

f.__globals__ is the global namespace for the wrapped function, so this works even if the decorator lives in a different module. If var was defined as a global already, it is replaced with the new value, and after calling the function, the globals are restored.

This works because any name in a function that is not assigned to, and is not found in a surrounding scope, is marked as a global instead.

Demo:

>>> c = 'Message'
>>> @decorator_factory(c)
... def msg_printer():
...     print var
... 
>>> msg_printer()
Message
>>> 'var' in globals()
False

But instead of decorating, I could just as well have defined var in the global scope directly.

Note that altering the globals is not thread safe, and any transient calls to other functions in the same module will also still see this same global.

Solution 2

Here's a way of injecting multiple variables into a function's scope in a manner somewhat similar to what @Martijn Pieters does in his answer. I'm posting it primarily because it's a more general solution and would not need to be applied multiple times to do it — as would be required by his (and many of the other) answers.

It should be noted that a closure is formed between the decorated function and the namespace dictionary, so changing its contents — e.g. namespace['a'] = 42 — will affect subsequent calls to the function.

from functools import wraps

def inject_variables(context):
    """ Decorator factory. """

    def variable_injector(func):
        """ Decorator. """
        @wraps(func)
        def decorator(*args, **kwargs):
            func_globals = func.__globals__

            # Save copy of any global values that will be replaced.
            saved_values = {key: func_globals[key] for key in context
                                                        if key in func_globals}
            func_globals.update(context)
            try:
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                func_globals.update(saved_values)  # Restore replaced globals.

            return result

        return decorator

    return variable_injector


if __name__ == '__main__':
    namespace = dict(a=5, b=3)

    @inject_variables(namespace)
    def test():
        print('a:', a)
        print('b:', b)

    test()

Solution 3

There is a clean way to do what you want without using global variable. If you want to be stateless and threads safe, you don't really have the choice.

Use the "kwargs" variable:

c = 'Message'

def decorator_factory(value):
    def msg_decorator(f):
    def inner_dec(*args, **kwargs):
        kwargs["var"] = value
        res = f(*args, **kwargs)
        return res
    return inner_dec
return msg_decorator

@decorator_factory(c)
def msg_printer(*args, **kwargs):
    print kwargs["var"]

msg_printer()

Solution 4

You can't. Python has lexical scoping. That means the meaning of an identifier is determined solely based on the scopes that physically surround it when you look at the source code.

Solution 5

Update __globals__ works for me.

def f():
    print(a)


def with_context(**kw):
    def deco(fn):
        g = fn.__globals__
        g.update(kw)
        return fn

    return deco


with_context(a=3)(f)() # 3

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