How to make a local variable (inside a function) global

Question

Possible Duplicate:
Using global variables in a function other than the one that created them

I'm using functions so that my program won't be a mess but I don't know how to make a local variable into global.

Solution 1

Here are two methods to achieve the same thing:

Using parameters and return (recommended)

def other_function(parameter):
    return parameter + 5

def main_function():
    x = 10
    print(x)    
    x = other_function(x)
    print(x)

When you run main_function, you'll get the following output

>>> 10
>>> 15

Using globals (never do this)

x = 0   # The initial value of x, with global scope

def other_function():
    global x
    x = x + 5

def main_function():
    print(x)    # Just printing - no need to declare global yet
    global x   # So we can change the global x
    x = 10
    print(x)
    other_function()
    print(x)

Now you will get:

>>> 0    # Initial global value
>>> 10   # Now we've set it to 10 in `main_function()`
>>> 15   # Now we've added 5 in `other_function()`

Solution 2

Simply declare your variable outside any function:

globalValue = 1

def f(x):
    print(globalValue + x)

If you need to assign to the global from within the function, use the global statement:

def f(x):
    global globalValue
    print(globalValue + x)
    globalValue += 1

Solution 3

If you need access to the internal states of a function, you're possibly better off using a class. You can make a class instance behave like a function by making it a callable, which is done by defining __call__:

class StatefulFunction( object ):
    def __init__( self ):
        self.public_value = 'foo'

    def __call__( self ):
        return self.public_value


>> f = StatefulFunction()
>> f()
`foo`
>> f.public_value = 'bar'
>> f()
`bar`

Solution 4

Using globals will also make your program a mess - I suggest you try very hard to avoid them. That said, "global" is a keyword in python, so you can designate a particular variable as a global, like so:

def foo():
    global bar
    bar = 32

I should mention that it is extremely rare for the 'global' keyword to be used, so I seriously suggest rethinking your design.

Solution 5

You could use module scope. Say you have a module called utils:

f_value = 'foo'

def f():
    return f_value

f_value is a module attribute that can be modified by any other module that imports it. As modules are singletons, any change to utils from one module will be accessible to all other modules that have it imported:

>> import utils
>> utils.f()
'foo'
>> utils.f_value = 'bar'
>> utils.f()
'bar'

Note that you can import the function by name:

>> import utils
>> from utils import f
>> utils.f_value = 'bar'
>> f()
'bar'

But not the attribute:

>> from utils import f, f_value
>> f_value = 'bar'
>> f()
'foo'

This is because you're labeling the object referenced by the module attribute as f_value in the local scope, but then rebinding it to the string bar, while the function f is still referring to the module attribute.

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Comments

[Admin]

If you use functions, but make their variables global, you haven't actually gained much ;-)

[Rik Poggi]

"I'm using functions so that my program won't be a mess", so just don't and refactor your code so that you wont need them.

[Admin]

No, I will not make all their variables global, probably just a few.

[Admin]

So what? Still neither necessary nor good. Use return values and parameters.

[Admin]

@mgisnobr, I'm doing opposite, I'm going to use local variables in the main program, not just the functions

[Admin]

I set up the variables in the function's parameters and the function changes them and I have to use them back in the main loop. I return the values but can't assign them to a variable.

[CppLearner]

It's okay to use global variables, but making a local variable as global is odd. Just make it global once and for all. At the end of the time, your code can be import and is part of some global environment. Security wise, I don't really see anything wrong with using a plain global.

[Alex L]

Can you give us a short example of how you'd be using global values? (Edit your question) We might be able to suggest a better approach.

[CppLearner]

@HwangYouJin What do you mean you can't assign them back to a variable?

[Admin]

Yes, I can't. Since when I return the value, the global variable does not change its value

[Admin]

Thank you guys, already found a solution, I mean I found another way so that I will not need this anymore. How do you close a question?

[Alex L]

@HwangYouJin You should accept the answer that helped you the most :) Keep on asking questions and playing with Python, you're doing much better than most 13 year olds! (Boo to the downvoters)

[Admin]

Oh, so you checked my profile. Well, you know I'm already 14 now, but then OK, I'll check the answer that made me learn something, or well, you know.

[Admin]

I have already used the global statement, but what I need is the current value of the global variable, which is in the function.

[Greg Hewgill]

Your request doesn't seem to make sense. The current value of the global variable is in the global variable. Perhaps you could show your code to ease understanding.

[Admin]

I just used a global variable because many of my functions share it and I don't want to assign lines of code to update every variable in each of the functions.

[Admin]

No, the function supposedly should change the variable and return its value and update the global variable, but I can't seem to do that

[Admin]

Wait, how did the other_function() in your first example get a value of 10? You did not assign a value to its parameter, so it will not be able to know that the value was 5.

[CppLearner]

@HwangYouJin The original value is 10. You passing the variable x which has the value 10 to the other_function. It's like feeding into a machine. You give the machine a piece of bread (x in this case). You want to make toast. You give it a bread. Now the machine has the bread so it can use the bread. I think you should ask more questions to clear up confusions you have.

[Alex L]

@HwangYouJin We set x to 10 with x = 10. We then ran other_function(x), which means that we're passing the value of x (10) into other_function. In other_function the parameter is called parameter, rather than x, but it still has the value 10. Inside other_function we return parameter + 5, which is 10 + 5 = 15!

[Alex L]

@HwangYouJin Does this make more sense now?

[Admin]

Ah...Ok... I already noticed you gave x its value before calling other_function()... sorry. Anyway, how do you turn a value returned from a function into a variable, or to say it otherwise, how do you give a variable a value which is the value returned by a function?

[Alex L]

@HwangYouJin Just as easy as variable = function(parameter). This will run the function, pass the parameter, and receive the returned value and put it into variable. If you were building a calculator you could do result = add(5, 6), and result would now equal 11. (Assuming add(x,y): return x+y)

[Norfeldt]

Your point would perhaps be more clear if you made an assignment in other_function(parameter) so you wrote parameter = 5 and returned that return parameter. Then in main_function() you should replace x = other_function(x) with print other_function(x). The print out would be 10, 5, 10

[Jonathan]

@Matthew_Trevor's answer has a third option that is sometimes needed in more advanced scenarios.