how to replace special characters with the ones they're based on in PHP?
Solution 1
This answer is incorrect. I didn't understand Unicode Normalization when I wrote it. Look at francadaval's comment and link
Check out the Normalizer class to do this. The documentation is good, so I'll just link it instead of repeating things here:
http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.normalizer.php
Specifically, the normalize member of that class:
http://www.php.net/manual/en/normalizer.normalize.php
Note that Unicode normalization has several forms, and you seem to want Normalization Form KD (NFKD) Compatibility Decomposition, though you should read the documentation to make sure.
You shouldn't try to roll your own function for this: There's way too many things that can go wrong, and using the provided function is a much better idea.
Solution 2
If you don't have access to the Normalizer class or just don't wish to use it you can use the following function to replace most (all?) of the common accentuations.
function Unaccent($string)
{
return preg_replace('~&([a-z]{1,2})(acute|cedil|circ|grave|lig|orn|ring|slash|th|tilde|uml);~i', '$1', htmlentities($string, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'));
}
Solution 3
For those who don't have php 5.3, I found another solution that works well and seems very comprehensive. Here is a link to the author's website http://www.evaisse.net/2008/php-translit-remove-accent-unaccent-21001. Here is the function.
/**
* Unaccent the input string string. An example string like `ÀØėÿᾜὨζὅБю`
* will be translated to `AOeyIOzoBY`. More complete than :
* strtr( (string)$str,
* "ÀÁÂÃÄÅàáâãäåÒÓÔÕÖØòóôõöøÈÉÊËèéêëÇçÌÍÎÏìíîïÙÚÛÜùúûüÿÑñ",
* "aaaaaaaaaaaaooooooooooooeeeeeeeecciiiiiiiiuuuuuuuuynn" );
*
* @param $str input string
* @param $utf8 if null, function will detect input string encoding
* @author http://www.evaisse.net/2008/php-translit-remove-accent-unaccent-21001
* @return string input string without accent
*/
function remove_accents( $str, $utf8=true )
{
$str = (string)$str;
if( is_null($utf8) ) {
if( !function_exists('mb_detect_encoding') ) {
$utf8 = (strtolower( mb_detect_encoding($str) )=='utf-8');
} else {
$length = strlen($str);
$utf8 = true;
for ($i=0; $i < $length; $i++) {
$c = ord($str[$i]);
if ($c < 0x80) $n = 0; # 0bbbbbbb
elseif (($c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) $n=1; # 110bbbbb
elseif (($c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) $n=2; # 1110bbbb
elseif (($c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) $n=3; # 11110bbb
elseif (($c & 0xFC) == 0xF8) $n=4; # 111110bb
elseif (($c & 0xFE) == 0xFC) $n=5; # 1111110b
else return false; # Does not match any model
for ($j=0; $j<$n; $j++) { # n bytes matching 10bbbbbb follow ?
if ((++$i == $length)
|| ((ord($str[$i]) & 0xC0) != 0x80)) {
$utf8 = false;
break;
}
}
}
}
}
if(!$utf8)
$str = utf8_encode($str);
$transliteration = array(
'IJ' => 'I', 'Ö' => 'O','Œ' => 'O','Ü' => 'U','ä' => 'a','æ' => 'a',
'ij' => 'i','ö' => 'o','œ' => 'o','ü' => 'u','ß' => 's','ſ' => 's',
'À' => 'A','Á' => 'A','Â' => 'A','Ã' => 'A','Ä' => 'A','Å' => 'A',
'Æ' => 'A','Ā' => 'A','Ą' => 'A','Ă' => 'A','Ç' => 'C','Ć' => 'C',
'Č' => 'C','Ĉ' => 'C','Ċ' => 'C','Ď' => 'D','Đ' => 'D','È' => 'E',
'É' => 'E','Ê' => 'E','Ë' => 'E','Ē' => 'E','Ę' => 'E','Ě' => 'E',
'Ĕ' => 'E','Ė' => 'E','Ĝ' => 'G','Ğ' => 'G','Ġ' => 'G','Ģ' => 'G',
'Ĥ' => 'H','Ħ' => 'H','Ì' => 'I','Í' => 'I','Î' => 'I','Ï' => 'I',
'Ī' => 'I','Ĩ' => 'I','Ĭ' => 'I','Į' => 'I','İ' => 'I','Ĵ' => 'J',
'Ķ' => 'K','Ľ' => 'K','Ĺ' => 'K','Ļ' => 'K','Ŀ' => 'K','Ł' => 'L',
'Ñ' => 'N','Ń' => 'N','Ň' => 'N','Ņ' => 'N','Ŋ' => 'N','Ò' => 'O',
'Ó' => 'O','Ô' => 'O','Õ' => 'O','Ø' => 'O','Ō' => 'O','Ő' => 'O',
'Ŏ' => 'O','Ŕ' => 'R','Ř' => 'R','Ŗ' => 'R','Ś' => 'S','Ş' => 'S',
'Ŝ' => 'S','Ș' => 'S','Š' => 'S','Ť' => 'T','Ţ' => 'T','Ŧ' => 'T',
'Ț' => 'T','Ù' => 'U','Ú' => 'U','Û' => 'U','Ū' => 'U','Ů' => 'U',
'Ű' => 'U','Ŭ' => 'U','Ũ' => 'U','Ų' => 'U','Ŵ' => 'W','Ŷ' => 'Y',
'Ÿ' => 'Y','Ý' => 'Y','Ź' => 'Z','Ż' => 'Z','Ž' => 'Z','à' => 'a',
'á' => 'a','â' => 'a','ã' => 'a','ā' => 'a','ą' => 'a','ă' => 'a',
'å' => 'a','ç' => 'c','ć' => 'c','č' => 'c','ĉ' => 'c','ċ' => 'c',
'ď' => 'd','đ' => 'd','è' => 'e','é' => 'e','ê' => 'e','ë' => 'e',
'ē' => 'e','ę' => 'e','ě' => 'e','ĕ' => 'e','ė' => 'e','ƒ' => 'f',
'ĝ' => 'g','ğ' => 'g','ġ' => 'g','ģ' => 'g','ĥ' => 'h','ħ' => 'h',
'ì' => 'i','í' => 'i','î' => 'i','ï' => 'i','ī' => 'i','ĩ' => 'i',
'ĭ' => 'i','į' => 'i','ı' => 'i','ĵ' => 'j','ķ' => 'k','ĸ' => 'k',
'ł' => 'l','ľ' => 'l','ĺ' => 'l','ļ' => 'l','ŀ' => 'l','ñ' => 'n',
'ń' => 'n','ň' => 'n','ņ' => 'n','ʼn' => 'n','ŋ' => 'n','ò' => 'o',
'ó' => 'o','ô' => 'o','õ' => 'o','ø' => 'o','ō' => 'o','ő' => 'o',
'ŏ' => 'o','ŕ' => 'r','ř' => 'r','ŗ' => 'r','ś' => 's','š' => 's',
'ť' => 't','ù' => 'u','ú' => 'u','û' => 'u','ū' => 'u','ů' => 'u',
'ű' => 'u','ŭ' => 'u','ũ' => 'u','ų' => 'u','ŵ' => 'w','ÿ' => 'y',
'ý' => 'y','ŷ' => 'y','ż' => 'z','ź' => 'z','ž' => 'z','Α' => 'A',
'Ά' => 'A','Ἀ' => 'A','Ἁ' => 'A','Ἂ' => 'A','Ἃ' => 'A','Ἄ' => 'A',
'Ἅ' => 'A','Ἆ' => 'A','Ἇ' => 'A','ᾈ' => 'A','ᾉ' => 'A','ᾊ' => 'A',
'ᾋ' => 'A','ᾌ' => 'A','ᾍ' => 'A','ᾎ' => 'A','ᾏ' => 'A','Ᾰ' => 'A',
'Ᾱ' => 'A','Ὰ' => 'A','ᾼ' => 'A','Β' => 'B','Γ' => 'G','Δ' => 'D',
'Ε' => 'E','Έ' => 'E','Ἐ' => 'E','Ἑ' => 'E','Ἒ' => 'E','Ἓ' => 'E',
'Ἔ' => 'E','Ἕ' => 'E','Ὲ' => 'E','Ζ' => 'Z','Η' => 'I','Ή' => 'I',
'Ἠ' => 'I','Ἡ' => 'I','Ἢ' => 'I','Ἣ' => 'I','Ἤ' => 'I','Ἥ' => 'I',
'Ἦ' => 'I','Ἧ' => 'I','ᾘ' => 'I','ᾙ' => 'I','ᾚ' => 'I','ᾛ' => 'I',
'ᾜ' => 'I','ᾝ' => 'I','ᾞ' => 'I','ᾟ' => 'I','Ὴ' => 'I','ῌ' => 'I',
'Θ' => 'T','Ι' => 'I','Ί' => 'I','Ϊ' => 'I','Ἰ' => 'I','Ἱ' => 'I',
'Ἲ' => 'I','Ἳ' => 'I','Ἴ' => 'I','Ἵ' => 'I','Ἶ' => 'I','Ἷ' => 'I',
'Ῐ' => 'I','Ῑ' => 'I','Ὶ' => 'I','Κ' => 'K','Λ' => 'L','Μ' => 'M',
'Ν' => 'N','Ξ' => 'K','Ο' => 'O','Ό' => 'O','Ὀ' => 'O','Ὁ' => 'O',
'Ὂ' => 'O','Ὃ' => 'O','Ὄ' => 'O','Ὅ' => 'O','Ὸ' => 'O','Π' => 'P',
'Ρ' => 'R','Ῥ' => 'R','Σ' => 'S','Τ' => 'T','Υ' => 'Y','Ύ' => 'Y',
'Ϋ' => 'Y','Ὑ' => 'Y','Ὓ' => 'Y','Ὕ' => 'Y','Ὗ' => 'Y','Ῠ' => 'Y',
'Ῡ' => 'Y','Ὺ' => 'Y','Φ' => 'F','Χ' => 'X','Ψ' => 'P','Ω' => 'O',
'Ώ' => 'O','Ὠ' => 'O','Ὡ' => 'O','Ὢ' => 'O','Ὣ' => 'O','Ὤ' => 'O',
'Ὥ' => 'O','Ὦ' => 'O','Ὧ' => 'O','ᾨ' => 'O','ᾩ' => 'O','ᾪ' => 'O',
'ᾫ' => 'O','ᾬ' => 'O','ᾭ' => 'O','ᾮ' => 'O','ᾯ' => 'O','Ὼ' => 'O',
'ῼ' => 'O','α' => 'a','ά' => 'a','ἀ' => 'a','ἁ' => 'a','ἂ' => 'a',
'ἃ' => 'a','ἄ' => 'a','ἅ' => 'a','ἆ' => 'a','ἇ' => 'a','ᾀ' => 'a',
'ᾁ' => 'a','ᾂ' => 'a','ᾃ' => 'a','ᾄ' => 'a','ᾅ' => 'a','ᾆ' => 'a',
'ᾇ' => 'a','ὰ' => 'a','ᾰ' => 'a','ᾱ' => 'a','ᾲ' => 'a','ᾳ' => 'a',
'ᾴ' => 'a','ᾶ' => 'a','ᾷ' => 'a','β' => 'b','γ' => 'g','δ' => 'd',
'ε' => 'e','έ' => 'e','ἐ' => 'e','ἑ' => 'e','ἒ' => 'e','ἓ' => 'e',
'ἔ' => 'e','ἕ' => 'e','ὲ' => 'e','ζ' => 'z','η' => 'i','ή' => 'i',
'ἠ' => 'i','ἡ' => 'i','ἢ' => 'i','ἣ' => 'i','ἤ' => 'i','ἥ' => 'i',
'ἦ' => 'i','ἧ' => 'i','ᾐ' => 'i','ᾑ' => 'i','ᾒ' => 'i','ᾓ' => 'i',
'ᾔ' => 'i','ᾕ' => 'i','ᾖ' => 'i','ᾗ' => 'i','ὴ' => 'i','ῂ' => 'i',
'ῃ' => 'i','ῄ' => 'i','ῆ' => 'i','ῇ' => 'i','θ' => 't','ι' => 'i',
'ί' => 'i','ϊ' => 'i','ΐ' => 'i','ἰ' => 'i','ἱ' => 'i','ἲ' => 'i',
'ἳ' => 'i','ἴ' => 'i','ἵ' => 'i','ἶ' => 'i','ἷ' => 'i','ὶ' => 'i',
'ῐ' => 'i','ῑ' => 'i','ῒ' => 'i','ῖ' => 'i','ῗ' => 'i','κ' => 'k',
'λ' => 'l','μ' => 'm','ν' => 'n','ξ' => 'k','ο' => 'o','ό' => 'o',
'ὀ' => 'o','ὁ' => 'o','ὂ' => 'o','ὃ' => 'o','ὄ' => 'o','ὅ' => 'o',
'ὸ' => 'o','π' => 'p','ρ' => 'r','ῤ' => 'r','ῥ' => 'r','σ' => 's',
'ς' => 's','τ' => 't','υ' => 'y','ύ' => 'y','ϋ' => 'y','ΰ' => 'y',
'ὐ' => 'y','ὑ' => 'y','ὒ' => 'y','ὓ' => 'y','ὔ' => 'y','ὕ' => 'y',
'ὖ' => 'y','ὗ' => 'y','ὺ' => 'y','ῠ' => 'y','ῡ' => 'y','ῢ' => 'y',
'ῦ' => 'y','ῧ' => 'y','φ' => 'f','χ' => 'x','ψ' => 'p','ω' => 'o',
'ώ' => 'o','ὠ' => 'o','ὡ' => 'o','ὢ' => 'o','ὣ' => 'o','ὤ' => 'o',
'ὥ' => 'o','ὦ' => 'o','ὧ' => 'o','ᾠ' => 'o','ᾡ' => 'o','ᾢ' => 'o',
'ᾣ' => 'o','ᾤ' => 'o','ᾥ' => 'o','ᾦ' => 'o','ᾧ' => 'o','ὼ' => 'o',
'ῲ' => 'o','ῳ' => 'o','ῴ' => 'o','ῶ' => 'o','ῷ' => 'o','А' => 'A',
'Б' => 'B','В' => 'V','Г' => 'G','Д' => 'D','Е' => 'E','Ё' => 'E',
'Ж' => 'Z','З' => 'Z','И' => 'I','Й' => 'I','К' => 'K','Л' => 'L',
'М' => 'M','Н' => 'N','О' => 'O','П' => 'P','Р' => 'R','С' => 'S',
'Т' => 'T','У' => 'U','Ф' => 'F','Х' => 'K','Ц' => 'T','Ч' => 'C',
'Ш' => 'S','Щ' => 'S','Ы' => 'Y','Э' => 'E','Ю' => 'Y','Я' => 'Y',
'а' => 'A','б' => 'B','в' => 'V','г' => 'G','д' => 'D','е' => 'E',
'ё' => 'E','ж' => 'Z','з' => 'Z','и' => 'I','й' => 'I','к' => 'K',
'л' => 'L','м' => 'M','н' => 'N','о' => 'O','п' => 'P','р' => 'R',
'с' => 'S','т' => 'T','у' => 'U','ф' => 'F','х' => 'K','ц' => 'T',
'ч' => 'C','ш' => 'S','щ' => 'S','ы' => 'Y','э' => 'E','ю' => 'Y',
'я' => 'Y','ð' => 'd','Ð' => 'D','þ' => 't','Þ' => 'T','ა' => 'a',
'ბ' => 'b','გ' => 'g','დ' => 'd','ე' => 'e','ვ' => 'v','ზ' => 'z',
'თ' => 't','ი' => 'i','კ' => 'k','ლ' => 'l','მ' => 'm','ნ' => 'n',
'ო' => 'o','პ' => 'p','ჟ' => 'z','რ' => 'r','ს' => 's','ტ' => 't',
'უ' => 'u','ფ' => 'p','ქ' => 'k','ღ' => 'g','ყ' => 'q','შ' => 's',
'ჩ' => 'c','ც' => 't','ძ' => 'd','წ' => 't','ჭ' => 'c','ხ' => 'k',
'ჯ' => 'j','ჰ' => 'h'
);
$str = str_replace( array_keys( $transliteration ),
array_values( $transliteration ),
$str);
return $str;
}
//- remove_accents()
Solution 4
Short str_replace use with custom chars:
<?php
$original_string = "¿Dónde está el niño que vive aquí? En el témpano o en el iglú. ÁFRICA, MÉXICO, ÍNDICE, CANCIÓN y NÚMERO.";
$some_special_chars = array("á", "é", "í", "ó", "ú", "Á", "É", "Í", "Ó", "Ú", "ñ", "Ñ");
$replacement_chars = array("a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "A", "E", "I", "O", "U", "n", "N");
$replaced_string = str_replace($some_special_chars, $replacement_chars, $original_string);
echo $replaced_string; // outputs '¿Donde esta el nino que vive aqui? En el tempano o en el iglu. AFRICA, MEXICO, INDICE, CANCION y NUMERO.'
?>
Solution 5
If none of the other solutions are working right for you, here's what worked for me:
<?php
$string = "áéíóúÁ—whatever";
// create an array of the hex codes of the characters you want to replace (formatted as shown) and whatever you want to replace them with.
$characters = array(
"[\xF3]" => "&ocacute;", //ó
"[\xFC]" => "ü", //ü
"[\xF1]" => "ñ", //ñ
"[\xEB]" => "ë", //ë
"[\xE9]" => "é", //é
"[\xBD]" => "½", //½
);
// note that you must use a two-digit hex code for whatever reason.
// So, for example, although the hex code for an em dash is 2014, you have to use 97 instead. ("[\x97]" => "—")
// separate the key->value array into two separate arrays. Or just make two arrays from the beginning, but it's easier to read this way.
foreach ($characters as $hex => $html) {
$replaceThis[] = $hex;
$replaceWith[] = $html;
}
$string = preg_replace($replaceThis, $replaceWith, $string);
?>
It may not be the most elegant solution, but it works and requires no knowledge of regular expressions.
Admin
Updated on September 16, 2020Comments
-
Admin over 3 years
How do I replace:
- "ã" with "a"
- "é" with "e"
in PHP? Is this possible? I've read somewhere I could do some math with the ascii value of the base character and the ascii value of the accent, but I can't find any references now.
-
JBB over 14 yearsThis would actually be the cleanest (and most efficient way) to go as it wouldn't require managing any functions yourself (let alone carry unnecessary objects around)
-
Jay Zeng over 14 yearsAgreed, glad that PHP finally introduced this feature.
-
Alix Axel over 14 yearsAre you sure this works?
normalizer_normalize('olá', Normalizer::FORM_KD); // olaÌ
I also tried all the other available forms and none seems to return justola
. -
Alix Axel over 14 yearsPascal, please check my comment on WaffleMatt answer.
-
Simon Arnold over 11 yearsUncaught ReferenceError: ENT_QUOTES is not defined
-
Alix Axel over 11 years@SimonArnold: Check your code for
&
symbols, or just copy+paste as is. -
Vignesh Gopalakrishnan over 11 yearsWhen i generated xml with this, an empty xml file generates for me. How to use this thing properly
-
matthy about 11 yearswhen using it it removes all text when containing a single char like acute ect.
-
Dave Scotese about 11 yearsMy server returns nothing using this function, but when I removed the last two arguments from htmlentities, it works.
-
Alix Axel about 11 years@DaveScotese: You need to save your PHP files as UTF-8.
-
brenjt almost 11 yearsHere are several more to add to this:
'ʼ' => "'",'̧' => '','ḩ' => 'h', 'ʼ'=>"'", '‘'=>"'", '’'=>"'", 'ừ'=>'u', 'ế'=>'e', 'ả'=>'a', 'ị'=>'i', 'ậ'=>'a', 'ệ'=>'e', 'ỉ'=>'i', 'ộ'=>'o', 'ồ'=>'o', 'ề'=>'e', 'ơ'=>'o', 'ạ'=>'a', 'ẵ'=>'a', 'ư'=>'u', 'ắ'=>'a', 'ằ'=>'a', 'ầ'=>'a', 'ḑ'=>'d', 'Ḩ'=>'H', 'Ḑ'=>'D', 'ḑ'=>'d', 'ş'=>'s', 'ā'=>'a', 'ţ'=>'t',
-
Konrad Morawski almost 11 yearsIt doesn't actually work for acute accent (try "ćwiek", for instance)
-
Alix Axel almost 11 years@KonradMorawski: I guess it doesn't work with
ć
because it's not a valid (or recognizable) letter / acute accent combination forhtmlentities
(even trying to type that in Ubuntu yields:ç
for me - and I have a dedicatedç
button as I'm Portuguese). It does work if you try it witháéíóú
however: codepad.org/BC4phlym. -
Konrad Morawski almost 11 years@AlixAxel that might be, but I don't see a rational reason why it would be excluded from the character set recognized by
htmlentities
. It's a valid character used in several languages - see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86 The inability to type it in the Portuguese keyboard layout is irrelevant in this context. I have no way of knowing whether or not this would matter for the OP (or anyone reading this in an attempt to solve a similar problem - well, it did matter for me), but I think it is nevertheless worth to point it out -
Alix Axel almost 11 years@KonradMorawski: Indeed, my solution as is doesn't deal with all the characters in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-derived_alphabet. I've since made some additions but it doesn't work out of the box with htmlentities alone - mostly because htmlentities doesn't return
ć
when you encode it. I understand your need, just pointing it out that it works with some / common acute characters. -
francadaval over 10 yearsIt doesn't work that way. Look at my own answer to this question.
-
louffi almost 6 yearseliminating accents (and similar) is not the purpose of Normalizer.