Tomcat 7 won't start
Solution 1
I changed C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre7\bin\client\jvm.dll to C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre7\bin\server\jvm.dll. I am not sure if this is the correct way to configure this but it worked for me.
Solution 2
Cause:
Changing from the client to server directory was not the working for me. The problem for me was the Tomcat was installed under C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 7.0
and the jvm.dll
file of the JDK was pointing to the C:\Program Files(x86)\Java\jdk1.7.xx\jre\bin\server\jvm.dll
.
Notice the C:\Program Files and the C:\Program Files(x86) in the above paths.
As the error message says %1 is not a valid Win32 application.
, it means the current version of your jvm.dll
used by tomcat and the installed tomcat versions are different(mix of 32 and 64bit) version. i.e. Tomcat is 32 bit and your JDK is 64 bit and vice-versa.
So use the same version for both JDK and Tomcat. (i.e,) Both should be 32 bit or 64-bit binaries. Where in that case you have a 64 bit os you will find the 64 bit apps installed under C:\Program Files\
and 32bit apps installed under C:\Program Files(x86)
directories accordingly.
Solution:
- Now open the Tomcat installation folder,
- Go to
bin
directory. - Run the
Tomcat7w.exe
as administrator. - Go to the
Java
tab and point yourJava Virtual Machine
path to the JDK version appropriate to you. - I used
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.xx\jre\bin\server\jvm.dll
- And Tomcat's path stays the same as is
C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 7.0
As you can notice that the tomcat's and the JDK's path was under the C:\Program Files
, I had no problem starting the server. Hope this solves your problem.
Solution 3
I found that a JRE version of Java had been installed which changed the Java path under the tomcat7w.exe
options.
I inspected the folder location and noticed it had been modified:
From:
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_51\jre\bin\server
"(this is the Java version my Casper JSS server requires)"
To:
C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.051\bin\server
Once I fixed that, net start Tomcat7
and all worked correctly.
Solution 4
Encountered the same problem with. After installation and attempted to start Apache Tomcat 7 as service, the tomcat server log (logs/commons-daemon.xx.log) gave: Failed creating java C:\Program Files(x86)\java\jre6\bin\client\jvm.dll . In fact there is no jre6 install except in Windows/System32 has version 6 java.
It is fixed by specifying the Jvm and updating the service: tomcat7 //US//Tomcat7 --Install="C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 7.0\bin\tomcat7.exe" --Jvm="C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.8\jre\bin\client\jvm.dll" --StartMode=jvm --StopMode=jvm --StartClass=org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap --StartParams=start --StopClass=org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap --StopParams=stop
devdar
Updated on September 15, 2022Comments
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devdar over 1 year
I was running a java application and it's a lot of records i am bringing back form the database, i got a
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space
in the browser. Now Tomcat 7.0 wont start. The Tomcat logs showed this:Error Log
[2013-04-29 16:23:05] [info] Commons Daemon procrun (1.0.10.0 64-bit) started [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [info] Running 'Tomcat7' Service... [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [info] Starting service... [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [error] %1 is not a valid Win32 application. [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [error] Failed creating java C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre7\bin\client\jvm.dll [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [error] %1 is not a valid Win32 application. [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [error] ServiceStart returned 1 [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [error] %1 is not a valid Win32 application. [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [info] Run service finished. [2013-04-29 16:23:05] [info] Commons Daemon procrun finished
Can some one tell me how i can fix this every time i click start on tomcat it tried to start and then fails.
hs_err_pid4284.log
# # A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment: # # EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x000000006818b51a, pid=4284, tid=4760 # # JRE version: 7.0_10-b18 # Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (23.6-b04 mixed mode windows-amd64 compressed oops) # Problematic frame: # V [jvm.dll+0x1ab51a] # # Failed to write core dump. Minidumps are not enabled by default on client versions of Windows # # If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit: # http://bugreport.sun.com/bugreport/crash.jsp # --------------- T H R E A D --------------- Current thread (0x00000000056c1800): VMThread [stack: 0x00000000061b0000,0x00000000062b0000] [id=4760] siginfo: ExceptionCode=0xc0000005, reading address 0x00000000012cee80 Registers: RAX=0x00000000012ceeb8, RBX=0x00000000062af320, RCX=0x00000000010f8420, RDX=0x00000000015e237c RSP=0x00000000062af2a0, RBP=0x00000000010f3330, RSI=0x00000000010f0df0, RDI=0x00000000010f3500 R8 =0x00000000015d0000, R9 =0x0000000000000006, R10=0x00000000062af350, R11=0x00000000015e237c R12=0x00000000010f3ea0, R13=0x000000000000000a, R14=0x00000000056590d0, R15=0x0000000000000000 RIP=0x000000006818b51a, EFLAGS=0x0000000000010202 Top of Stack: (sp=0x00000000062af2a0) 0x00000000062af2a0: 00000000015d5510 0000000000000000 0x00000000062af2b0: 00000000012ceeb8 00000000012cee40 Instructions: (pc=0x000000006818b51a) 0x000000006818b4fa: cc cc cc cc cc cc 40 53 48 83 ec 20 48 8b d9 e8 0x000000006818b50a: 32 bf 0b 00 84 c0 0f 84 b7 00 00 00 48 8b 43 20 0x000000006818b51a: 48 8b 48 c8 48 81 f9 ff ff 00 00 77 0e 8b d1 48 0x000000006818b52a: 8b 48 e8 e8 ce af f3 ff 48 8b c8 80 3d 65 3c 4b Register to memory mapping: RAX=0x00000000012ceeb8 is pointing into the stack for thread: 0x000000000095d000 RBX=0x00000000062af320 is an unknown value RCX=0x00000000010f8420 is an unknown value RDX=0x00000000015e237c is an Interpreter codelet method entry point (kind = native) [0x00000000015e2100, 0x00000000015e2980] 2176 bytes RSP=0x00000000062af2a0 is an unknown value RBP=0x00000000010f3330 is an unknown value RSI=0x00000000010f0df0 is an unknown value RDI=0x00000000010f3500 is an unknown value R8 =0x00000000015d0000 is an unknown value R9 =0x0000000000000006 is an unknown value R10=0x00000000062af350 is an unknown value R11=0x00000000015e237c is an Interpreter codelet method entry point (kind = native) [0x00000000015e2100, 0x00000000015e2980] 2176 bytes R12=0x00000000010f3ea0 is an unknown value R13=0x000000000000000a is an unknown value R14=0x00000000056590d0 is an unknown value R15=0x0000000000000000 is an unknown value Stack: [0x00000000061b0000,0x00000000062b0000], sp=0x00000000062af2a0, free space=1020k Native frames: (J=compiled Java code, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code, C=native code) V [jvm.dll+0x1ab51a] VM_Operation (0x000000000924f3c0): ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation, mode: safepoint, requested by thread 0x0000000007ae0800 --------------- P R O C E S S --------------- Java Threads: ( => current thread ) 0x000000000708a000 JavaThread "http-bio-8084-exec-104" daemon [_thread_blocked, id=3296, stack(0x000000000d930000,0x000000000da30000)] 0x000000000f286000 JavaThread "http-bio-8084-exec-103" daemon [_thread_blocked, Other Threads: =>0x00000000056c1800 VMThread [stack: 0x00000000061b0000,0x00000000062b0000] [id=4760] 0x0000000005784800 WatcherThread [stack: 0x00000000069b0000,0x0000000006ab0000] [id=1760] VM state:at safepoint (normal execution) VM Mutex/Monitor currently owned by a thread: ([mutex/lock_event]) [0x000000000095a890] Threads_lock - owner thread: 0x00000000056c1800 [0x000000000095ad90] Heap_lock - owner thread: 0x0000000007ae0800 [0x000000000095b310] MethodData_lock - owner thread: 0x0000000007ae0800 Heap PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Card table byte_map: [0x00000000045d0000,0x0000000004680000] byte_map_base: 0x0000000003e79000 Polling page: 0x00000000001f0000 Code Cache [0x00000000015d0000, 0x0000000001f00000, 0x00000000045d0000) total_blobs=1903 nmethods=1504 adapters=348 free_code_cache=40047Kb largest_free_block=40703552 Compilation events (10 events): Event: 3663.180 Thread 0x0000000005757800 nmethod 1674 0x0000000001d07210 code [0x0000000001d07780, 0x0000000001d0a698] Event: 3663.322 Thread 0x0000000005757800 1675 java.lang.Class::arrayContentsEq (70 bytes) Event: 3663.323 Thread 0x0000000005757800 nmethod 1675 0x0000000001def050 code [0x0000000001def180, 0x0000000001def258] Event: 3663.347 Thread 0x000000000576e000 nmethod 1661 0x0000000001eda810 code [0x0000000001edba60, 0x0000000001eeb478] Event: 3663.413 Thread 0x0000000005757800 1676 org.apache.log4j.helpers.PatternConverter::format (127 bytes) Event: 3663.435 Thread 0x0000000005757800 nmethod 1676 0x0000000001d05510 code [0x0000000001d05780, 0x0000000001d063d8] Event: 3663.442 Thread 0x000000000576e000 1677 org.apache.log4j.helpers.PatternParser$LiteralPatternConverter::format (10 bytes) Event: 3663.443 Thread 0x000000000576e000 nmethod 1677 0x0000000001d05290 code [0x0000000001d053e0, 0x0000000001d05468] Event: 3663.464 Thread 0x0000000005757800 1678 ! org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory::getBeanNamesForType (509 bytes) Event: 3664.753 Thread 0x0000000005757800 nmethod 1678 0x0000000001e2eed0 code [0x0000000001e2f380, 0x0000000001e32718] GC Heap History (10 events): Event: 4039.689 GC heap after Heap after GC invocations=1795 (full 850): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) } Event: 4039.689 GC heap before {Heap before GC invocations=1796 (full 851): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Event: 4039.933 GC heap after Heap after GC invocations=1796 (full 851): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) } Event: 4039.933 GC heap before {Heap before GC invocations=1797 (full 851): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Event: 4039.935 GC heap after Heap after GC invocations=1797 (full 851): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) } Event: 4039.935 GC heap before {Heap before GC invocations=1798 (full 852): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Event: 4040.227 GC heap after Heap after GC invocations=1798 (full 852): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) } Event: 4040.229 GC heap before {Heap before GC invocations=1799 (full 852): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Event: 4040.232 GC heap after Heap after GC invocations=1799 (full 852): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) } Event: 4040.232 GC heap before {Heap before GC invocations=1800 (full 853): PSYoungGen total 87296K, used 0K [0x00000000faab0000, 0x0000000100000000, 0x0000000100000000) eden space 87232K, 0% used [0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000faab0000,0x00000000fffe0000) from space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000fffe0000,0x00000000ffff0000) to space 64K, 0% used [0x00000000ffff0000,0x00000000ffff0000,0x0000000100000000) ParOldGen total 174784K, used 56171K [0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000faab0000, 0x00000000faab0000) object space 174784K, 32% used [0x00000000f0000000,0x00000000f36dac38,0x00000000faab0000) PSPermGen total 83968K, used 83966K [0x00000000eae00000, 0x00000000f0000000, 0x00000000f0000000) object space 83968K, 99% used [0x00000000eae00000,0x00000000effffb40,0x00000000f0000000) Deoptimization events (10 events): Event: 3250.026 Thread 0x000000000707f800 Uncommon trap -58 fr.pc 0x00000000019ffd28 Internal exceptions (10 events): Event: 4035.499 Thread 0x0000000007ae0800 Threw 0x00000000eaea6150 at C:\jdk7u2_64p\jdk7u10\hotspot\src\share\vm\gc_interface/collectedHeap.inline.hpp:226 Events (10 events): Event: 4038.120 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation done Event: 4038.120 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation Event: 4038.635 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation done Event: 4038.635 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation Event: 4039.179 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation done Event: 4039.179 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation Event: 4039.686 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation done Event: 4039.687 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation Event: 4040.228 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation done Event: 4040.228 Executing VM operation: ParallelGCFailedPermanentAllocation Dynamic libraries: 0x0000000140000000 - 0x000000014001e000 C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat\bin\Tomcat7.exe 0x0000000077020000 - 0x00000000771cb000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll VM Arguments: jvm_args: -Dcatalina.home=C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat -Dcatalina.base=C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat -Djava.endorsed.dirs=C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat\endorsed -Djava.io.tmpdir=C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat\temp -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.util.logging.config.file=C:\Users\Darin\apache-tomcat\conf\logging.properties -Xmx256m java_command: <unknown> Launcher Type: generic Environment Variables: JAVA_HOME=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_10 PATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\ant\bin;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_10\bin;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\; USERNAME=DARIN-PC$ OS=Windows_NT PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 6, GenuineIntel --------------- S Y S T E M --------------- OS: Windows 7 , 64 bit Build 7600 CPU:total 2 (2 cores per cpu, 1 threads per core) family 6 model 23 stepping 6, cmov, cx8, fxsr, mmx, sse, sse2, sse3, ssse3, sse4.1, tsc Memory: 4k page, physical 4192320k(1608396k free), swap 8382744k(5403772k free) vm_info: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (23.6-b04) for windows-amd64 JRE (1.7.0_10-b18), built on Nov 28 2012 05:00:40 by "java_re" with unknown MS VC++:1600 time: Thu Jan 17 17:09:11 2013 elapsed time: 4040 seconds
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Saturnian almost 10 yearsHow did you do that? I'm facing the same issue!
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devdar almost 10 yearsYou could try increasing the memory allocated to the jvm I think it's running out of memory
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devdar almost 10 yearsIf I remember correctly what I did there was modify the environmental variables
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Michael Oryl over 8 yearsThis worked for me. I was running a 32 bit Tomcat 7 with a 64 bit version of Java 1.8. Or I was trying to, at least. Switching tot he 32 bit version of Java 1.8 fixed the problem.