ValueError: non-broadcastable output operand with shape (3,1) doesn't match the broadcast shape (3,4)

Question

I recently started to follow along with Siraj Raval's Deep Learning tutorials on YouTube, but I an error came up when I tried to run my code. The code is from the second episode of his series, How To Make A Neural Network. When I ran the code I got the error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\dpopp\Documents\Machine Learning\first_neural_net.py", line 66, in <module>
neural_network.train(training_set_inputs, training_set_outputs, 10000)
File "C:\Users\dpopp\Documents\Machine Learning\first_neural_net.py", line 44, in train
self.synaptic_weights += adjustment
ValueError: non-broadcastable output operand with shape (3,1) doesn't match the broadcast shape (3,4)

I checked multiple times with his code and couldn't find any differences, and even tried copying and pasting his code from the GitHub link. This is the code I have now:

from numpy import exp, array, random, dot

class NeuralNetwork():
    def __init__(self):
        # Seed the random number generator, so it generates the same numbers
        # every time the program runs.
        random.seed(1)

        # We model a single neuron, with 3 input connections and 1 output connection.
        # We assign random weights to a 3 x 1 matrix, with values in the range -1 to 1
        # and mean 0.
        self.synaptic_weights = 2 * random.random((3, 1)) - 1

    # The Sigmoid function, which describes an S shaped curve.
    # We pass the weighted sum of the inputs through this function to
    # normalise them between 0 and 1.
    def __sigmoid(self, x):
        return 1 / (1 + exp(-x))

    # The derivative of the Sigmoid function.
    # This is the gradient of the Sigmoid curve.
    # It indicates how confident we are about the existing weight.
    def __sigmoid_derivative(self, x):
        return x * (1 - x)

    # We train the neural network through a process of trial and error.
    # Adjusting the synaptic weights each time.
    def train(self, training_set_inputs, training_set_outputs, number_of_training_iterations):
        for iteration in range(number_of_training_iterations):
            # Pass the training set through our neural network (a single neuron).
            output = self.think(training_set_inputs)

            # Calculate the error (The difference between the desired output
            # and the predicted output).
            error = training_set_outputs - output

            # Multiply the error by the input and again by the gradient of the Sigmoid curve.
            # This means less confident weights are adjusted more.
            # This means inputs, which are zero, do not cause changes to the weights.
            adjustment = dot(training_set_inputs.T, error * self.__sigmoid_derivative(output))

            # Adjust the weights.
            self.synaptic_weights += adjustment

    # The neural network thinks.
    def think(self, inputs):
        # Pass inputs through our neural network (our single neuron).
        return self.__sigmoid(dot(inputs, self.synaptic_weights))

if __name__ == '__main__':

    # Initialize a single neuron neural network
    neural_network = NeuralNetwork()

    print("Random starting synaptic weights:")
    print(neural_network.synaptic_weights)

    # The training set. We have 4 examples, each consisting of 3 input values
    # and 1 output value.
    training_set_inputs = array([[0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1]])
    training_set_outputs = array([[0, 1, 1, 0]])

    # Train the neural network using a training set
    # Do it 10,000 times and make small adjustments each time
    neural_network.train(training_set_inputs, training_set_outputs, 10000)

    print("New Synaptic weights after training:")
    print(neural_network.synaptic_weights)

    # Test the neural net with a new situation
    print("Considering new situation [1, 0, 0] -> ?:")
    print(neural_network.think(array([[1, 0, 0]])))

Even after copying and pasting the same code that worked in Siraj's episode, I'm still getting the same error.

I just started out look into artificial intelligence, and don't understand what the error means. Could someone please explain what it means and how to fix it? Thanks!

Solution

Change self.synaptic_weights += adjustment to

self.synaptic_weights = self.synaptic_weights + adjustment

---

self.synaptic_weights must have a shape of (3,1) and adjustment must have a shape of (3,4). While the shapes are broadcastable numpy must not like trying to assign the result with shape (3,4) to an array of shape (3,1)

a = np.ones((3,1))
b = np.random.randint(1,10, (3,4))

>>> a
array([[1],
       [1],
       [1]])
>>> b
array([[8, 2, 5, 7],
       [2, 5, 4, 8],
       [7, 7, 6, 6]])

>>> a + b
array([[9, 3, 6, 8],
       [3, 6, 5, 9],
       [8, 8, 7, 7]])

>>> b += a
>>> b
array([[9, 3, 6, 8],
       [3, 6, 5, 9],
       [8, 8, 7, 7]])
>>> a
array([[1],
       [1],
       [1]])

>>> a += b
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#24>", line 1, in <module>
    a += b
ValueError: non-broadcastable output operand with shape (3,1) doesn't match the broadcast shape (3,4)

The same error occurs when using numpy.add and specifying a as the output array

>>> np.add(a,b, out = a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#31>", line 1, in <module>
    np.add(a,b, out = a)
ValueError: non-broadcastable output operand with shape (3,1) doesn't match the broadcast shape (3,4)
>>> 

A new a needs to be created

>>> a = a + b
>>> a
array([[10,  4,  7,  9],
       [ 4,  7,  6, 10],
       [ 9,  9,  8,  8]])
>>> 

Comments

[wwii]

Broadcasting

[Ferdz]

Welcome to Stack Overflow! Please take some time to format your answers before posting to ensure it is readable easily by everyone. You can use backsticks (`) to format inline code for example

[wwii]

Doing this solves the ValueError the OP was/is getting? ... OP is using the name training_set_outputs not training_outputs.