What is the syntax meaning of RAISERROR()

Question

I just created a Instead After Trigger whose syntax is given below:

Create trigger tgrInsteadTrigger on copytableto
Instead of Insert as 
    Declare @store_name varchar(30);
    declare @sales int;
    declare @date datetime;

    select @store_name = i.store_name from inserted i
    select @sales = i.sales from inserted i
    select @date = i.Date from inserted i
begin
    if (@sales > 1000)
        begin
        RAISERROR('Cannot Insert where salary > 1000',16,1); ROLLBACK;
        end
    else
        begin
        insert into copytablefrom(store_name, sales, date) values (@store_name, @sales, @date);
        Print 'Instead After Trigger Executed';
        end
End

In the above syntax I have used RAISERROR('Cannot Insert where salary > 1000',16,1)

But when I write RAISERROR('Cannot Insert where salary > 1000') it gives the error "Incorrect syntax near ')'" on the same line.

Can anyone please explain the use of (16,1) here.

Solution 1

It is the severity level of the error. The levels are from 11 - 20 which throw an error in SQL. The higher the level, the more severe the level and the transaction should be aborted.

You will get the syntax error when you do:

RAISERROR('Cannot Insert where salary > 1000').

Because you have not specified the correct parameters (severity level or state).

If you wish to issue a warning and not an exception, use levels 0 - 10.

From MSDN:

severity

Is the user-defined severity level associated with this message. When using msg_id to raise a user-defined message created using sp_addmessage, the severity specified on RAISERROR overrides the severity specified in sp_addmessage. Severity levels from 0 through 18 can be specified by any user. Severity levels from 19 through 25 can only be specified by members of the sysadmin fixed server role or users with ALTER TRACE permissions. For severity levels from 19 through 25, the WITH LOG option is required.

state

Is an integer from 0 through 255. Negative values or values larger than 255 generate an error. If the same user-defined error is raised at multiple locations, using a unique state number for each location can help find which section of code is raising the errors. For detailed description here

Solution 2

16 is severity and 1 is state, more specifically following example might give you more detail on syntax and usage:

BEGIN TRY
    -- RAISERROR with severity 11-19 will cause execution to 
    -- jump to the CATCH block.
    RAISERROR ('Error raised in TRY block.', -- Message text.
               16, -- Severity.
               1 -- State.
               );
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
    DECLARE @ErrorMessage NVARCHAR(4000);
    DECLARE @ErrorSeverity INT;
    DECLARE @ErrorState INT;

    SELECT 
        @ErrorMessage = ERROR_MESSAGE(),
        @ErrorSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY(),
        @ErrorState = ERROR_STATE();

    -- Use RAISERROR inside the CATCH block to return error
    -- information about the original error that caused
    -- execution to jump to the CATCH block.
    RAISERROR (@ErrorMessage, -- Message text.
               @ErrorSeverity, -- Severity.
               @ErrorState -- State.
               );
END CATCH;

You can follow and try out more examples from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178592.aspx

Solution 3

according to MSDN

RAISERROR ( { msg_id | msg_str | @local_variable }
    { ,severity ,state }
    [ ,argument [ ,...n ] ] )
    [ WITH option [ ,...n ] ]

16 would be the severity.
1 would be the state.

The error you get is because you have not properly supplied the required parameters for the RAISEERROR function.

Solution 4

The severity level 16 in your example code is typically used for user-defined (user-detected) errors. The SQL Server DBMS itself emits severity levels (and error messages) for problems it detects, both more severe (higher numbers) and less so (lower numbers).

The state should be an integer between 0 and 255 (negative values will give an error), but the choice is basically the programmer's. It is useful to put different state values if the same error message for user-defined error will be raised in different locations, e.g. if the debugging/troubleshooting of problems will be assisted by having an extra indication of where the error occurred.

Solution 5

The answer posted to this question as an example taken from Microsoft's MSDN is nice however it doesn't directly demonstrate where the error comes from if it doesn't come from the TRY Block. I prefer this example with a very minor update to the RAISERROR Message within the CATCH Block stating that the error is from the CATCH Block. I demonstrate this in the gif as well.

BEGIN TRY
    /* RAISERROR with severity 11-19 will cause execution
     |  to jump to the CATCH block.
    */
    RAISERROR ('Error raised in TRY block.', -- Message text.
               5, -- Severity. /* Severity Levels Less Than 11 do not jump to the CATCH block */
               1 -- State.
               );
END TRY

BEGIN CATCH
    DECLARE @ErrorMessage  NVARCHAR(4000);
    DECLARE @ErrorSeverity INT;
    DECLARE @ErrorState    INT;

    SELECT 
        @ErrorMessage  = ERROR_MESSAGE(),
        @ErrorSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY(),
        @ErrorState    = ERROR_STATE();

    /* Use RAISERROR inside the CATCH block to return error
     | information about the original error that caused
     | execution to jump to the CATCH block
    */
    RAISERROR ('Caught Error in Catch', --@ErrorMessage, /* Message text */
               @ErrorSeverity,                           /* Severity     */
               @ErrorState                               /* State        */
               );
END CATCH;

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