How does console.log work?
Solution 1
In most (if not all) imperative programming languages, any arguments passed to a function call have to be evaluated before the function can be called (so called Eager evaluation). Also, they are in general evaluated in order from left to right (for C for instance it's undefined), however in both examples the order in which the arguments are evaluated does not matter. This should be pretty obvious when looking at what happens in detail:
As mentioned, before console.log
can be called, storage.get()
has to be executed first, returning the store
array. Then storage.add('hi there #2')
will be executed (or the other way round), so its result (in this case undefined
, since add
does not return anything) can be passed as the third argument to console.log
. This means that the once console.log
will be called with the arguments (storage, storage.store, undefined)
, the store
array already contains "hi there #2", hence producing the results you observe.
In the second example the reasoning is again the same, the function call is just a bit more obscured. On first look it looks there is a function passed as a 3rd argument to the console.log
function; but it's actually a function call (observer the ()
at the end). So storage.add('hi there #2')
will be executed, then console.log('TESTING')
and then the undefined
result from the anonymous function execution will be again passed to console.log
.
If you did actually pass a function to console.log
, it would print that function definition, and not execute anything. So:
storage.add('hi there')
console.log(storage, storage.get(), (function() {
storage.add('hi there #2');
console.log('TESTING');
}));
, without the ()
at the end, results in:
Object
["hi there"] function () {
storage.add('hi there #2');
console.log('TESTING');
}
I hope this makes things a bit clearer.
Solution 2
When you're calling console.log
like this
console.log(storage, storage.get(), storage.add('hi there #2'));
storage.add('hi there #2')
is evaluated and the return value is passed to console.log
. Evaluating it causes the array item to be added to store
immediately.
Same thing with storage.get()
-> store
. So effectively, the statement becomes:
console.log(storage, store, [return value of add which is undefined]);
When it prints, store
is evaluated and its content are output which is why you see ["hi there", "hi there #2"]
In your second example also, the anonymous function is evaluated first and the results are passed on.
Solution 3
All arguments to console.log
will first be iterated and evaluated in order to assemble the output. As it is iterating the arguments you've passed, changes are made to objects and functions are called. After the logger has iterated the arguments, it outputs the data.
Because objects are byRef, your "second argument" changes to the storage.store
object are reflected in the console output. Because the arguments are iterated, the function call in your last argument is called before the output is assembled, so you see the output from your function call before you see the output of the first console.log
call.
It is worth noting, then, that the output of console.log
is not going to show you objects as they exist at the time of the call to console.log
. What you actually get, in the case of objects, is a reference handle to the object. Thus, any changes to the object made after the handle has been added to console.log
's output will still be reflected in the object itself. Since the handle only points to the object itself, you are not getting output showing the state of the object as it was when you called the function, but rather a live link to the object as it is now.
Solution 4
Your storage adding function is completely evaluated before console.log
is called because it's a parameter.
This is not specific to console.log
, this is how every imperative programming language works.
Naftali
I AM HERE G+: https://plus.google.com/114132678747122742656/posts Baseball anyone? http://jsfiddle.net/maniator/K3wCM/embedded/result/ Baseball v2 anyone? https://blipit.net/ WOF anyone? http://jsfiddle.net/maniator/XP9Qv/embedded/result/ Maybe some snake? https://snace.herokuapp.com Or even minesweeper? https://mineweeper.herokuapp.com I am am usually here I am writing here Neal @ Miaou #SOreadytohelp
Updated on July 25, 2020Comments
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Naftali almost 4 years
First Example:
In the following example: http://jsfiddle.net/maniator/ScTAW/4/
I have this js:var storage = (function () { var store = []; return { "add": function (item) { store.push(item); }, "get": function () { return store; } }; }()); storage.add('hi there') console.log(storage, storage.get(), storage.add('hi there #2'));
And here is what gets printed to the console:
Object ["hi there", "hi there #2"] undefined
One would think that the console should only say:
Object ["hi there"] undefined
becase the second push did not happen until after the value was logged, therefore it should not be displayed.
Second Example:
In the following example: http://jsfiddle.net/maniator/ScTAW/5/
I am using the same
storage
variable but I log like so:storage.add('hi there') console.log(storage, storage.get(), (function() { storage.add('hi there #2'); console.log('TESTING'); })());
What gets printed to the console is:
TESTING
Object ["hi there", "hi there #2"] undefinedhmmmm well that is odd now isnt it? One could expect to see:
Object ["hi there"] undefined
TESTINGWhy is this happening? What is going on behind the scenes of the console logging mechanism?
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Blindy almost 13 yearsIt's the same, your inner function gets evaluated first.
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Naftali almost 13 yearsWhen params are passed it is usually not by reference, unless you tell it to. therefore the 2nd param should remain the same.
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Mrchief almost 13 years@Blindy: Thanks. I was about to add that to my answer.
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Naftali almost 13 yearsSee my comment to @Blindy's answer.
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Chris Baker almost 13 yearsAll objects are byRef in js. Primitives are byVal.
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Blindy almost 13 yearsWhat's your point? The function still gets evaluated and the return value still gets passed down to
console.log
. There is literally nothing magic happening here, it's the same asconsole.log(gettime())
if you had a function that returned the current time as a string. -
Mrchief almost 13 years@Neal: and blindy's comment says it all. You're not passing a reference. You're passing the result of an evaluation.
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Naftali almost 13 years@Blindy -- yes, but would u expenct for your function to be volatile like:
console.log(gettime(), setTime('+1 days'))
and it would display the next day as the log, even though you wanted to see the current day??? -
Blindy almost 13 yearsYes, I would. What you want doesn't matter, only your ability to express yourself clearly does.
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Blindy almost 13 years@Neal, then I suggest either reading a book on the internals of how functions get called (for example, books on Assembler or compiler design explain this), or simply taking our word for it.
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Naftali almost 13 years@Blindy complilers??? javascript dont need no stinking compilers (lol), but seriously, js is a script, it goes from top to bottom, there is no reason why something in the right should affect something before it.
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Blindy almost 13 yearsNoted; you're wrong. If you don't care about why, then don't ask why.
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Chris Baker almost 13 yearsAgree with @Blindy, every answer here explains the concept in a slightly different way. You've been answered, but you seem to reject the facts for some reason.
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Janick Bernet almost 13 years@Blindly: I downvoted you because it is not how every programming language works. For instance Haskell does not: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation. I think if you wrote "how every imperative programming language works" it would be fine, but I would not even be 100% sure on that - there might be some obscure one out there that does not.