"Erroneous nesting of equation structures" in using "\begin{align}" in a multi-line equation in rmarkdown to knit+pandoc pdf

Question

I am writing some multi-line equations in R Markdown - LaTeX, using auto-numbering and \begin{align}. Here's a working the example:

---
title: "test"
output: html_document
---

(@eq01) $$
\begin{align}
y = x^2 \\
y = x^3 \\
y = \sqrt[2]{x}
\end{align}
$$

This works great when the output is html_document. Here's the result:

But when I change the output document to pdf:

output: pdf_document

I get the following error (I am using RStudio latest Version 0.98.1056):

I've been trying to read the documentation as suggested in the error message, but I do not seem to get a handle on it. I've checked Stack Overflow and Google and although there are some related posts/questions (for example here, here, here), none of them solve the problem (or apply to my problem).

I've also tried to tweak everything. The most evident solution would be to get rid of the \begin{align} environment,

(@eq01) $$
y = x^2 \\
y = x^3 \\
y = \sqrt[2]{x}
$$

but it does not work for two reasons. First, the html version does not work as nicely because the auto-numbering does not appear centered in the multi-line equation, but rather on the first line (and I don't like it like that).

Second, although the pdf version in this case does compile and produce the pdf, it does not recognize that it is a multi-line equation (it's like it does not recognize the new line command \).

Any ideas are really appreciated. I've been struggling with this for a while and I cannot find a solution. I kinda love R Markdown because it really integrates the analysis with writing and communicating in a single tool (rather than using many different tools going back and forth). However, it seems there is still a long way to go before we can write one single source file and that it renders appropriately in several different output formats.

Solution

I was receiving the same error when trying to send an aligned block to PDF. Try changing the following:

$$
\begin{align}
y = x^2 \\
y = x^3 \\
y = \sqrt[2]{x}
\end{align}
$$

to the following:

$$
\begin{aligned}
y = x^2 \\
y = x^3 \\
y = \sqrt[2]{x}
\end{aligned}
$$

\begin{align} is a self-contained math environment, whereas \begin{aligned} needs to be placed inside an existing math environment. Since Rmd delineates math sections with $$...$$, it seems like \begin{align} was trying to start a second math environment within the first and causing problems.

Comments

[MissMonicaE]

Thanks from me too! :)

[rayryeng]

This worked for me too, but within a (Python) jupyter-notebook. The notebook is already in a math environment, so by doing align it gave me an error. I had to use aligned. My search brought me here which fixed the error so thank you!

[StatsStudent]

The problem with this solution is that it doesn't seem to number the equations.

[Fanchen Bao]

Use \begin{align} directly without $$...$$ to get the equation numbers. It might not render correctly on a preview window (e.g. VSCode), but pandoc recognizes it.