How expensive is it to compute the eigenvalues of a matrix?

Question

How expensive is it to compute the eigenvalues of a matrix?

What is the complexity of the best algorithms?

How long might it take in practice if I have a 1000 x 1000 matrix? I assume it helps if the matrix is sparse?

Are there any cases where the eigenvalue computation would not terminate?

In R, I can compute the eigenvalues as in the following toy example:

m<-matrix( c(13,2, 5,4), ncol=2, nrow=2 )
eigen(m, only.values=1)
$values
[1] 14  3

Does anyone know what algorithm it uses?

Are there any other (open-source) packages that compute the eigenvalue?

Solution 1

Most of the algorithms for eigen value computations scale to big-Oh(n^3), where n is the row/col dimension of the (symmetric and square) matrix.

For knowing the time complexity of the best algorithm till date you would have to refer to the latest research papers in Scientific Computing/Numerical Methods.

But even if you assume the worse case, you would still need at least 1000^3 operations for a 1000x1000 matrix.

R uses the LAPACK routine's (DSYEVR, DGEEV, ZHEEV and ZGEEV) implementation by default. However you could specify the EISPACK=TRUE as a parameter to use a EISPACK's RS, RG, CH and CG routines.

The most popular and good open source packages for eigenvalue computation are LAPACK and EISPACK.

Solution 2

With big matrices you usually don't want all the eigenvalues. You just want the top few to do (say) a dimension reduction.

The canonical algorithm is the Arnoldi-Lanczos iterative algorithm implemented in ARPACK:

www.caam.rice.edu/software/ARPACK/

There is a matlab interface in eigs:

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/index.html?/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/ref/eigs.html

eigs(A,k) and eigs(A,B,k) return the k largest magnitude eigenvalues.

And there is now an R interface as well:

http://igraph.sourceforge.net/doc-0.5/R/arpack.html

Solution 3

I assume it helps if the matrix is sparse?

Yes, there are algorithms, that perform well on sparse matrices.

See for example: http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse/

Solution 4

How long might it take in practice if I have a 1000x1000 matrix?

MATLAB (based on LAPACK) computes on a dual-core 1.83 GHz machine all eigenvalues of a 1000x1000 random in roughly 5 seconds. When the matrix is symmetric, the computation can be done significantly faster and requires only about 1 second.

Solution 5

I would take a look at Eigenvalue algorithms, which link to a number of different methods. They'll all have different characteristics, and hopefully one will be suitable for your purposes.

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Comments

[Marek]

Is there algorithm for finding eigenvalues? I search for a while and get nothing...

[Jim Garrison]

@Marak: see Lanczos, Jacobi-Davidson, and other iterative methods, which work particularly well if you are only interested in a subset of eigenvalues.

[Randel]

EISPACK is now defunct and ignored. See stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/eigen.html