How to sign-extend a number in Verilog

Question

I'm working on a simple sign-extender in Verilog for a processor I'm creating for Computer Architecture.

Here's what I've got so far: [EDIT: Changed the selection statement slightly]

`timescale 1ns / 1ps
module SignExtender( CLK, extend, extended );
input[7:0] extend;
input CLK;
output[15:0] extended;
reg[15:0] extended;
wire[7:0] extend;
always
begin
    while (CLK == 1)
    extended[7:0] = extend[7:0];
    extended[15:8] = {8{extend[7]}};
end
endmodule

I added the while (CLK == 1) thinking that would solve my problem, which I believe is an infinite loop. When I try to test this in iSim, the circuit never initializes.

I also tried removing the copying syntax and just doing extended[8] = extend[7] etc. for [8]-[15], but the same result occurs, so I'm pretty sure that the innermost syntax is correct.

Here's the test file:

`timescale 1ns / 1ps
module SignExtender_testbench0;
    // Inputs
    reg [7:0] extend;
    reg CLK;
    // Outputs
    wire [15:0] extended;
    // Instantiate the Unit Under Test (UUT)
    SignExtender uut (
        .extend(extend), 
        .extended(extended)
    );
    initial begin
        // Initialize Inputs
        extend = 0;
        #100; // Wait 100 ns for global reset to finish
        extend = -30;
        CLK = 1;
        #10;
        CLK = 0;
        if (extended == -30)
            $display("okay 1");
        else
            $display("fail 1");
        extend = 40;
        #10;
        if (extended == 40)
            $display("okay 2");
        else
            $display("fail 2");
    end
endmodule

Any ideas how I can do this successfully?

Solution 1

You nearly got it...

always @( posedge clk ) begin
    extended[15:0] <= { {8{extend[7]}}, extend[7:0] };
end

You're also missing a clock edge for the '40' test. Try this, & let me know how you get on...

Solution 2

We can use the syntax $signed to sign extend

module signextender(
  input [7:0] unextended,//the msb bit is the sign bit
  input clk,
  output reg [15:0] extended 
);
[email protected](posedge clk)
  begin 
    extended <= $signed(unextended);
  end
endmodule

Solution 3

By the way your module assign is pure combinational so it should not contain a clk, this is another way of doing your module:

module sign_ext
             (
              unextend,
              extended
             );
input  [15:0] unextend;
output [31:0] extended;
assign extended = {{16{unextend[15]}}, unextend};
endmodule
//TB
module tb_sign_ext;
reg  [15:0] unex;
wire   [31:0] ext;
sign_ext TBSIGNEXT
                  (
                   .unextend(unex),
                   .extended(ext)
                  );
initial
begin
   unex = 16'd0;
end
initial 
begin
   #10 unex = 16'b0000_0000_1111_1111;
   #20 unex = 16'b1000_0000_1111_1111;
end
endmodule
;)

Comments

[minexew]

Note that some tools will raise a warning about width mismatch, because $signed(unextended) is still just 8 bits before it's assiged to extended